Zahra Poursina استادیار دانشگاه شهید بهشتی author text article 2007 per Augustine's epistemological perspective is one of those viewpoints which emphasize on the serious effect of non-epistemic factors on knowledge. Investigation into Augustine's thought, especially in the realm of epistemology, can show that he is among those thinkers who has scrutinized the impact of man's feelings, affections and purposes on his beliefs. The paper is going to analyze the doctrine of "I believe so that I may understand" in Augustine's thought. University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 1 no. 2007 3 22 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_222_6e5c8a681930ec4c7b32fa0b071779fd.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2007.222 Ali M. Afzali استادیار مؤسسه پژوهشی حکمت و فلسفه ایران ـ گروه کلام author text article 2007 per   One of major discussions in the history of theology and philosophy, whether in western or Islamic culture, is whether the reason can gain a positive Knowledge of the divine attributes. The author in this paper has attempted to show, on the basis of both rational proofs and textual proofs, that Negative (or apophatic) Knowledge is the only available Knowledge of God's qualities, so that any attempt to acquire a positive Knowledge is resulted in anthropomorphism, which is false by reason and tradition. University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 1 no. 2007 23 52 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_223_85f97f9d6b0c0c97395a901c1f5f325c.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2007.223 Mohsen Javadi استاد فلسه و کلام دانشگاه قم author Husayn Atrak دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه قم author text article 2007 per Qadi `Abdul-Jabbar, although has come to be Known as a Mu`tazili theologian, can be certainly mentioned as a moral philosopher by attention to his ethical views in the theological books. The paper is going to present his ethical opinions concerning normative ethics and Meta-ethics. It shows that `Abdul-Jabbar is a rationalist moral philosopher, who considers reason as the origin of moral obligations, and as the means of evaluating the rightness and wrongfulness of actions. Moreover, he is an essentialist, that is, he regards the nature of actions as the source of rightness or wrongfulness of actions, rather than the external factors. Furthermore, he is a rule-deontologist, who holds human beings must act in accordance with rules and duties. In addition to these, he is an ethical intuitionist and foundationalist; that is to say, he believes that there exist basic moral propositions that can be intellectually intuitionable. These propositions expressing moral principles are evident and necessary ones, and determinant foundations of other duties, whether theoretical or practical. University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 1 no. 2007 53 96 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_224_9e249365e83a0b8475701d536f5c89e7.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2007.224 Hasan Miāndāri عضو هیأت علمی موسسه پژوهشی حکمت و فلسفه ایران author text article 2007 per In the philosophy of a particular science, there presents some questions and answers respecting that science, and the philosophy of Biology is one of the philosophies-of. In our scholarly society, there are some questions to which the philosophy of Biology can reply. On the other hand, it propounds new questions and answers. Pointing to some of these questions and answers, the author discusses on the opinions of Aristotle and Muslims, theory of evolution in the 19th century and two problems in the 20th century. University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 1 no. 2007 97 120 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_225_69e7991f19ac753db0434069b130ed49.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2007.225 Azam Qāsemi دکتری فلسفه از دانشگاه شهید بهشتی author Hamidreza Āyatollāhi دانشیار فلسه دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی author text article 2007 per John Dewey's attitude in ethics is called instrumentalism, which is a kind of pragmatism. In his view, moral principles and criterions are not rules but 'general ideas' acquired through experience. These ideas are in fact instruments or devices for dealing with new situations. Dewey considers thinking as a tool for transition from a given ambiguous situation to a better one. Such a pragmatistic attitude presupposes the conditions of ensuring value judgments in the very behavior of human beings, rather than in a fixed prior authority such as divine commands or platonic ideas or pure intellect. Dewey's view, suggesting the rejection of ethical ideals, can be challenged. He holds that knowledge is relative; as a result, the society which is democratically moral loses its rational foundation. University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 1 no. 2007 121 146 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_227_c99bbac0a498b510b6e149634c6c3fe6.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2007.227 Reza Hossein Gandomkār استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه قم author text article 2007 per Discussion on the fundamentals and aims of the law, especially philosophy of the law, is among the main themes of such a discipline. Proportionate to the attitudes towards the cosmos and man, there are aims and basic rules for legal systems. Social justice, freedom, interests and order are among those aims and principles in different legal systems. Accordingly, in Islamic legal system, the fundamentals of the law are based on values, limits, and rights in the religious  perspective, so that the enforcement of the legal rules provides happiness in the life hereafter as well as in this world, whether individual or social happiness. The paper, written in two separate parts, examines the aims and fundamentals of different legal systems. University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 1 no. 2007 147 174 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_228_1fac87b5d6cc4986c67b86cc4b479cbb.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2007.228 Zahra Khazaei استادیار دانشگاه قم author text article 2007 per Applied Ethics, which is distinguished from Meta-ethics and normative theories, is a branch of normative ethics whose special focus is on issues of practical concern. There is no consensus of opinion on its nature, content and methods of reasoning. Some of its controversial issues are: evaluation of actions, solution of problems and recognition of norms and ethical codes. This paper deals first with the analysis and evaluation of different approaches concerning the nature, content and methods of applied ethics. Then, it refers to some cases of alive challenges. And finally, it presents some suggestions to bring these controversies to their end.   University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 1 no. 2007 175 204 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_230_4607d6028791ef5f94aa322fc2b051c7.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2007.230