Mansoor Imanpoor استادیار گروه فلسفة اسلامی دانشگاه تربیت معلّم آذربایجان author text article 2008 per One of they key discussions in the Islamic philosophy is God’s Knowledge, on which philosophers and scholars have presented different opinions. One of these views belongs to Sheikh al-Ishraq. On one hand, he describes the necessary existent as Infinite Light and Manifestation and considers Knowledge the same as manifestation. On the other hand, the reality of Necessary Being is Pure Existence, All-existence, All-rich, the Infinite and the Bestower of everything. So it can be said that he believed in God’s priori and absolute Knowledge and proved it on the basis of his illuminationist philosophy. In addition, he regards God’s Knowledge of real existences, whether incorporeal or corporeal beings, as illuminative presential knowledge. The present article is going to explain Sheikh al-Ishrq’s viewpoint on Divine knowledge, to enumerate the later scholars’ objections and to response them on the basis of Sohrawrdi’s philosophical system.   University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 3 no. 2008 3 17 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_256_0100c22a3a39ce8cd5945f51da85a6a0.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2008.256 Mohammad Sadeq Kamelan . استادیار گروه فلسفه دانشگاه مفید قم، ایمیل: Kamelan@mofidu.ac.ir author text article 2008 per In spite of using hadith-based approach in Islamic jurisprudence, Mulla Fayd Kashani is among the few Shiite scholars who hold a philosophical attitude based on transcendent theosophy, Mysticism and Sufism. Presenting his philosophical school, this research essay deals with the question how he could put together the tradition-oriented approach and such a philosophical attitude. Can we say he is a multi-dimensional scholar, or he has adopted a multi-disciplinary way so that to explain each disciplinary with the other, or he believes in the unity between the demonstration, the verses and intuition. Supposing that these are the case, what differences are there between Mulla Sadra’s and Sohrawardi’s viewpoints?   University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 3 no. 2008 19 39 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_257_0165c0887ecef8fc3163280effcaafd1.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2008.257 Amir Abbas Alizamani . دانشجوی دکتری ادیان موسسه آموزشی و پژوهشی امام خمینی(ره) author Hosein Naqavi دانشجوی دکتری ادیان موسسه آموزشی و پژوهشی امام خمینی(ره) author text article 2008 per From a long time ago, thinkers’ and philosophers’ concern was justification of applying human concepts and attributes to infinite God. To justify such an application, William P. Alston, a prominent American philosopher of religion, offered a functionalist theory in the realm of philosophical psychology, and tried to demonstrate it in a series of articles. This research essay is an attempt to investigate into Alston’s articles.   University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 3 no. 2008 41 67 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_258_7d211b982d87ebfc082ddc429ecef15e.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2008.258 Asadollah Fallahi استادیار دانشگاه زنجان author Lotfollah Nabavi دانشیار دانشگاه تربیت مدرس author text article 2008 per  Modal Logic’s theorems and rules are valid in possible worlds but Relevant Logic’s theorems and rules are valid, respectively, in logical worlds and situations. Robert Meyer in 1974 removed this asymmetry between the theorems and the rules of Relevant Logic by establishing a logical system, whose theorems and rules are valid in all situations. Introducing a new kind of truth and falsity operators, the authors in this article sketch a logical system defined on the basis of Relevant Logic. Such a system can not only preserve symmetry, but also remove some inconsistency between Modern Classical Logic and Relevant Logic, because the latter, like the former, puts possible worlds as a criterion for validity.   University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 3 no. 2008 69 88 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_259_913dee2d7c89323fd42f235d21ac8eaf.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2008.259 Hashem Morvarid پژوهشگرِ پژوهشگاه علوم و فرهنگ اسلامی، پژوهشکده دفتر تبلیغات اسلامی خراسان author text article 2008 per One of the arguments of the realists to prove the existence of universals in the external world is “abstract reference”. According to this argument, there are many true sentences in a language which apparently relates to universals. In the realists’ view, truth of these sentences can be explicated only when universals exist in the external world. On the basis of his “degree of language” theory, Carnap has criticized the above-mentioned argument and demonstrated that delusion of the existence of universals has resulted from the confusion in regard to different degrees of language. In his view, those sentences concerning to universals are in fact second-order sentences which assert properties with regard to some first-order sentences. But Carnap’s theory suffers from two main objections: firstly, his theory is not successful in the elimination of reference to universals, because on the basis of his theory, only reference to non-linguistic universals would be eliminated but reference to linguistic universals continue to survive. Secondly, supposing that Carnap’s theory is true, translation of the sentences in question would be extremely difficult and complicate. So Wilfred Sellars attempts to response the two objections, and thus, to present a reformed version of Carnap’s theory. In the present article, the author first explains Carnap’s theory; then, it presents the relevant objections; and finally, it offers Sellars’ reformed version of Carnap’s theory.   University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 3 no. 2008 89 105 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_260_4da45fb50b572ab84c23b463f387b6b9.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2008.260 Azizullah Fahimi استادیار دانشگاه قم author text article 2008 per Environmental law is a complex interlocking body of statutes, common law, treaties, conventions, regulations and policies which operate to regulate the interaction of humanity and the natural environment. And the philosophy of law is concerned with providing a general philosophical analysis of law and legal institutions. In the philosophy of law, two discussions may be more important. One is the basis of law and the other, its goals. So on one hand, there is a disagreement between scholars of law on whether the basis of law is revelation, reason or experience, and on the other hand, on whether the aim of law is individual-based or society-based or a synthesis of these two. Such a disagreement can practically cause different effects. Consequently, the contrasting effects can be seen in the philosophy of environmental law as well. Here, in theists’ view, protection of environmental law is due to the motivation of fulfilling a religious obligation, whereas in materialists’ opinion it is motivated by profiteering. Thus, a fundamental work prior to any discussions on the complex issues of environmental law is debate on the philosophy of environmental law and its dualistic effects, which the present paper attempts to deal with.   University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 3 no. 2008 107 117 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_261_a05e6595fe4ccb6f5ac017de6e29e636.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2008.261 Heydar Mahallati استادیار دانشگاه قم. ایمیل: Mahallati1000@yahoo.com author text article 2008 per After the collapse of the Umayyad dynasty and the Abbasids’ gaining power in the early years of the second century/eighth century, the Islamic community witnessed profound changes in all affairs, of which the most significant changes concerned people’s beliefs. So the appearance of various sects and theological-philosophical trends are regarded as the main characteristics of this period. Accordingly, several branches of Humanities, especially literature and Arabic poetry, have been influenced by this torrential theological-philosophical trend, whose effects are observable in the variations of the literary themes. This paper is going to deal with various aspects of this effect as well as its overtones in Arabic poetry.   University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 3 no. 2008 119 132 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_262_05eff4137b7ae956661f2acefb9f6b68.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2008.262 Mehdi Fadayi Mehrabani کارشناس ارشد علوم سیاسی (اندیشة سیاسی) دانشگاه تهران، محقق author text article 2008 per Among the great sages of Iran is `Aziz ad-Din Nasafi, who is still unknown like other great Iranian philosophers. In epistemology and ontology, Nasafi has put forward discussions which enjoys logical coherence and theoretical strength so that they can satisfy any fair readers. In his discussions, Nasafi ties the epistemological matters to the ontological ones and explains the complicate philosophical issues in terms of mystical concepts. As a matter of fact, his doctrines were a proper capital for substantial motion viewed by Mullah Sadra who, like Nasafi, tried to integrate reason and intuition.   University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 3 no. 2008 133 159 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_263_f4ddb6fd2bf56b919593ecca0a0eddcd.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2008.263 Zeinab Eslami دانشجوی دکتری فلسفه غرب دانشگاه تهران author text article 2008 per A pivotal concept in Kierkegaard’s works is the concept of anxiety, which has made his thought quite unique. Considering the essential significance of this concept, Kierkegaard has discussed it in one of his major works called The Concept of Dread. The present paper attempts to explain the above-mentioned concept, and to show how Kierkegaard has applied it in relation to other components of his thought, as well as to clarify its role as a beneficial factor in human’s life.   University of Qom 1735-9791 9 v. 3 no. 2008 161 190 http://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_264_3d7eadb1fc1228fc0143a8c306af921c.pdf dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2008.264