contents
text
article
2018
per
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
3
5
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1403_2f9b2c5236a1dcc75bdfe39bd4f9c5fe.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/jptr.2018.1403
Explaining and Evaluating Types of Liberal Incompatibilism in Solving the Conflict between Human Free Will and the Determined World
Zeynab
Abolghasemi Dehaghani
PhD in Islamic Philosophy, Tarbiat Modarres University
author
Mohammad
Saeedi Mehr
Professor, Philosophy Department, Tarbiat Modarres University
author
text
article
2018
per
Liberal incompatibilism considers the causal determinism governing all events of the world (including free actions) as a serious obstacle to human freedom.Thus, they seek a way of protecting human freedom with one of these three different approaches: 1. Non-causal account or simple indeterminism, 2. Event causal account or indeterministic causation of events. 3. Agent causation account. In this research, we study the views of the main theorists of these three ideas and criticize them. Then, according to the definition of free will, based on two principles: possible alternatives at the moment of choice and active control of the agent in relation to the act, we will show that it only the agent causation account that succeeds in providing a sensible picture of man’s freedom in action; because the other two views have neglected the role of the agent in controlling and directing action, and have reduced voluntary action merely to an accidental and random event. Agent causation refutes the monopoly of the role of causality for phenomena and claims that the agent is not only passive and affected by events occurring around him but essentially and with his causal powers is at least the creational cause for one of the mental events that initiates the process of realizing the external act. Therefore, despite causal determination, he is truly free, and the direction and control of his actions is in his hands.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
5
21
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1190_870d42111a7c05a4b1430c8541f87c29.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2018.336.1174
Natural Properties in Ethics with an Emphasis on Shafer-Landau’s Theory
Hassan
Heshmati
PH.D student of Philosophy of Ethics, University of Qomy
author
Muhammad
Legenhausen
Professor of Philosophy, Imam Khomeini Educational Research Institute
author
Hassan
Miandari
Associate Professor of Philosophy, Iranian Institute of Philosophy
author
text
article
2018
per
Various criteria for the natural/non-natural distinction have been suggested in metaethics. Shafer-Landau first claimed that natural properties are properties that are used in scientific disciplines. But firstly, this definition is not comprehensive, and secondly it is ambiguous; according to the second criterion, two lists must be prepared; the first list includes terms that most people consider to be natural. The terms that are not included in the first list, are transferred to the list of non-natural terms. I argue, however, that this criterion also does not help in distinguishing natural properties from non-natural ones. If we wish to maintain Shafer-Landau's view, we can find a criterion for natural properties using normative ethics. For example, by accepting Kant’s principle of humanity as a non-natural reality, those descriptive properties that follow from this principle can be the foundational properties for moral properties. But by presenting a serious criticism on Shafer-Landau's metaethics and accepting views that are invulnerable to this critique, a criterion for the distinction of natural/non-natural in meta-ethics can be found. One of these views is Fitzpatrick’s view, according to which many of the aspects of the world that are empirically investigable are also inherently value-laden. Therefore, the world of human experience is a dual-aspect world. One of these aspects is natural and the other is non-natural.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
23
44
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1195_37171fbe96f675d39290dc83d1138c0a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2018.3155.1887
Determinism and Divine Agency According to Allamah Tabatabaei
Seyed Mohammad
Faghih
Doctorate graduate of Islamic Theology and Philosophy, Faculty of Theology, University of Tehran
author
Abdolrasoul
Kashfi
Associate professor, Department of Islamic Theology and Philosophy, Faculty of Theology, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2018
per
The way God intervenes in the natural world is considered a major and long-standing issue in the realm of theology and philosophy of religion where efforts to resolve it has led to proposing various and, at times, opposing views, spanning from determinism to delegation. By employing a novel criterion to distinguish between various divine actions in the world, the current paper attempts to present and assess Allamah Tabatabaei’s approach as an Islamic determinist philosopher in regard to the topic and seeks to lay the groundwork for offering solutions in both deterministic and indeterministic models by revisiting the causal homogeneity principle in order to find a way out of dominant intellectual impediments. To that end, the paper serves to show that by extending the concept of causal homogeneity within a deterministic framework, one can attest to the direct interference of immaterial entities in the material world, whereas by resting upon the ‘principle of causal necessity’ and a particular attitude towards the principle of homogeneity within an indeterministic framework, one can defend the interference of immaterial causes in order to realize one of the possible probabilities.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
45
70
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1202_20626280aec78c138a136682bad308a0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2018.1202
An Investigation into Sadra and Suhravardi’s Views regarding the World of Ideas
Mahbobeh
Vahdatipoor
* Ph. D. Student Transcendent Philosophy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad- International campus
author
Alireza
Kohansal
** Associate Professor of Philosophy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
Sayyed Morteza
Hoseyni Shahrudi
Professor of Philosophy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
author
text
article
2018
per
The way God intervenes in the natural world is considered a major and long-standing issue in the realm of theology and philosophy of religion where efforts to resolve it has led to proposing various and, at times, opposing views, spanning from determinism to delegation. By employing a novel criterion to distinguish between various divine actions in the world, the current paper attempts to present and assess Allamah Tabatabaei’s approach as an Islamic determinist philosopher in regard to the topic and seeks to lay the groundwork for offering solutions in both deterministic and indeterministic models by revisiting the causal homogeneity principle in order to find a way out of dominant intellectual impediments. To that end, the paper serves to show that by extending the concept of causal homogeneity within a deterministic framework, one can attest to the direct interference of immaterial entities in the material world, whereas by resting upon the ‘principle of causal necessity’ and a particular attitude towards the principle of homogeneity within an indeterministic framework, one can defend the interference of immaterial causes in order to realize one of the possible probabilities.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
71
90
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1201_a9865be5a2a7817c399e198f3c2f97ca.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2018.1201
Conflicts in the Metaphysical Foundations of Schopenhauer’s Ethics
Masoud
Asgari
Doctorate in Philosophy, University of Esfahan
author
Gholam Hossein
Tavacoly
Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Esfahan
author
text
article
2018
per
Schopenhauer encourages us towards sympathy and empathy for others by holding that compassion is the foundation and essence of ethics; but when we turn to his philosophical system, we encounter conflicts that negate his ethics and in practice, compassion has no opportunity to manifest itself. Some of the conflicts are as follows: the negation of free will in his metaphysics, the evilness of will, the essentiality and immutability of personality (character) and the evilness of man’s essence. In his metaphysics he believes that everything in the world as determined by will, comes under the principle of sufficient reason, and time and space and necessarily becomes objective. As the foundation of ethics, the human will must also naturally come under the principle of sufficient reason and necessarily become objective; in this case, Schopenhauer’s ethics is fundamentally negated, because ethics requires freedom and to remain outside the realm of the principle of sufficient reason. Similarly, in believing in the evilness of will, the essentiality and immutability of personality and in the evilness of man’s essence, Schopenhauer’s ethics is negated – at least from the normative type, and one cannot visualize a positive place for it in his philosophical system.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
91
108
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1199_091e8309c7efaba238f45419c790c415.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2018.1199
A Study and Critique of the Impressionability of Zaidi’s Rationalism from Muʻtazila
: Sayyed Mohammad Reza
Hosseini
Associate professor, History, Civilization and ReligionsProgram, Payam Nur University
author
text
article
2018
per
The present article strives to analyze, study and critique the intellectual roots of the impressionability of the Zaidi rationalist thought from the Muʻtazila by using authentic scientific sources and to provide an answer for the question as to whether Zaidi rationalism is influenced by Muʻtazila intellectual thought and why many believe that the Zaidis are under the influence of their intellectual ideas and believe in their five principles; and also while disproving the presented arguments, to show that contrary to the present and dominant view, the Zaidis rationalist perspective is not influenced by the Muʻtazila’s theoretical thought. Even though the Zaidis, like the Muʻtazila, adhere to the intellect in theology, but like the twelve Shiʻa whose rationalism takes root from the practical behavior of the infallible Imams (a.s.) alongside argumentation through intellectual proofs, the Zaidis also rely on and present narrative proofs. This does not mean refuting the fact the Zaidis are one of the sects that give particular attention to the intellect and rationalism and it is in this vein that the circumstances of utilizing and benefitting from the intellect by the Zaidis is explained.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
109
132
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1203_b426ab7631d22bcf10f86cee6786ab3f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2018.1203
Mill’s Inconsistent Distinctions: An Analysis of the Consistency of J. S. Mill’s Utilitarianism and Liberalism
Shirzad
Peik Herfeh
Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Iran
author
text
article
2018
per
This paper analyzes the inconsistency of Mill’s utilitarianism in moral philosophy and his liberalism in political philosophy, the efforts of Ten and Dworkin for their consistency and the distinction that Leob and Driver use for reconciling them. The distinction is between decision-procedure and criterion of evaluation or the metaphysics and epistemology of right. In the next step, it shows a new inconsistency between Mill’s moral and political philosophy. It seems that Mill cannot accept the non-consequentialist ‘doing/allowing harm’ distinction in moral philosophy because he himself is a consequentialist. The rejection of this distinction makes it inconsistent with his harm principle and his main distinction in political philosophy: the distinction between ‘self-regarding’ and ‘other-regarding’ actions. These criticisms show the difficulty of reconciling Mill’s utilitarianism with his liberalism and his moral philosophy with his political philosophy in the framework of the classic triple (virtue, deontological and consequentialist ethics) in normative ethics. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, I combined the classic triple with the modern triple (minimalist, moderate, and extremist morality) in normative ethics. In this way, we can regard Mill as a consistent utilitarian who regards liberty as the essential condition for personal development and maximization of the good, and tries to raise a moderate and sophisticated version of utilitarianism by decreasing its pervasiveness.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
120
158
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1193_af2ad1ed32d745d4ffef6b941cfb80b1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2018.2697.1787
Mystical analasis on Detachment of obligation's and secondary prayers's affects in nearness to God
سید احمد
غفاری قره باغ
عضو هیئت علمی موسسه حکمت و فلسفه ایران
author
text
article
2018
per
The Muslim mystics have various conducts based on diversities of states such as "qorbe farzi" and "qorbe nafli". Some of them are nafli and the others are farzi and the others are inclusive of the both, and finally, some of the mystics have the situation of "tamahhoz and tashkik". This is an important difference between two methods that the mystic in "qorbe faraiz" become the description of God, whereas God in second way, become mystic's attribute. Some of mystic emphasis on the option and compulsion as a keywords on excellence of qorbe farzi. They believe that servant of God in his superogatory acts, is like a wage laborer, who has preferred divine servitude over his own desires, but in the obligatory acts, the slave has no right to choose; He is compelled to perform them. In this paper, we centralize on views of Islamic mystics on detachment these approaches and their affects.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
159
176
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1194_845bfaccf9a83932edfa869dfc3e9590.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2018.1607.1512
Substantial motion in the light of Excellence in Avicenna' thought
مصطفی
مومنی
گروه معارف اسلامی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی نیشابور
author
text
article
2018
per
abstract: Avicenna is known as the great Peripatetic Philosopher in the Muslim world. He developed Peripatetic thought and added a lot to it. He is not a pure peripatetic philosopher. His thoughts of the peripatetic to the transcendent philosophy has upgraded it a lot. For the first time, he used the term "transcendent wisdom." According to his transition from peripatetic to the transcendental philosophy, many of the principles of "transcendent wisdom" is traceable in his thoughts. In this article, we discuss substantial motion. Two important questions would be as follows: Can we search the substantial motion in Avicenna’s thoughts? Could the signs be found in its phrases? The author believes that signs can be found in the substantial motion in the statements and opinions of Sheikh. Author believes that Ibn Sina accepted the substantial motion, although not specified. In this paper, evidence on this entry is provided in Avicenna’s Thoughts.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
175
196
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1192_ea698700284777e539db810fcaf0c734.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2017.1778.1568
Concomitance Syllogism in The Holy Quran
mohammad javad
dakami
Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, Bu-Ali Sina University
author
قباد
محمدی شیخی
Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, Yasouj University
author
text
article
2018
per
The syllogism that its major premise is a conjunctive proposition is called concomitance syllogism. This sort of syllogism is valid in two forms of "affirming the antecedent" and "denying the consequent", and is invalid in all others forms. The concomitance syllogism have several modes in Holy Quran: In some cases the conditions of the syllogism are fully observed but because of clarity their preliminaries or their results have not been presented, and the syllogism is idiomatically shortened. But in some other cases it seems the conditions for the concomitance syllogism have not been regarded and "denying the antecedent" and "affirming the consequent" are used for the conclusion.In this research, some of the most important syllogisms in Holy Quran are reviewed and in cases where it seems that the conditions of the syllogism are not concerned, their reason will be considered, and using the content of Holy Quran and the general rules of reasoning such as the "cohesion of hypotheticals ", this sort of syllogisms will be converted to a validated syllogism. So, it is proved that the general rules of thinking have been respected in Quran as a book for human guidance which has been revealed in human language.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
197
218
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1191_41d7517e4105d9e64a06b8ba3514d04e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2017.2052.1640
A Critical Assessment of the Relationship between Imitation and Violence in Rene Girard’s View
Muhammad Husain
Sadeqi
PhD student, Philosophy of Ethics, Theology College, University of Qom
author
Habibollah Babaei
Babaei
Assistant professor, Islamic Nations History and Civilization, Academy of Islamic Science and Culture
author
text
article
2018
per
Girard considers imitation to be the main factor of violence by attributing violence to man’s nature. According to him, praising the role-model motivates imitation of the inclinations of the role-model in the praiser. This matter results in rivalry and violence between the imitator and role-model since imitation has the characteristic of transmission and is a contagion that fills all of society with violence. Imitation, apart from being a factor of violence, can also be a factor of its destruction; this destruction is sometimes temporary and is realized through the victim’s accusation and punishment (of the perpetrator) and is sometimes final and everlasting and is actualized through imitation of the Divine role-model (messiah). Based on the finding of this study, Girard’s Imitation Theory has considerable distinctions like studying the roots of violence in man’s nature and presenting a philosophical analysis of that, logical cohesion of the main points and the ability to explain the particular types of violence which other theories do not focus on. There are also flaws in this view, some of which are: the inability to provide a comprehensive explanation of violence and reducing to it to only one methodological factor and disorder.
Journal of Philosophical Theological Research
University of Qom
1735-9791
20
v.
3
no.
2018
219
242
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_1200_98d6571db2c17346c9faf1f15fd19dca.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22091/pfk.2018.1200