University of Qom Journal of Philosophical Theological Research 1735-9791 6 24 2005 06 22 Reasoning within the Domain of E`tebāriāt (Institutional Propositions) Reasoning within the Domain of E`tebāriāt (Institutional Propositions) 4 30 319 10.22091/pfk.2005.319 FA Sādeq Lārijāni Journal Article 2015 08 22 E`tebāriāt is an outstanding question in modern Islamic philosophy and Ūsūl al-Fiq. It did not use to be discussed as a separate subject in the traditional Islamic philosophy until `Allāmah Tabātabā’ī propounded it in Foundations of Philosophy and Method of Realism. In Ūsūl al-Fiq, there were only scattered discussions, under different topics and without enough depth. Now there are many different questions, some of which have been addressed and discussed in detail in my lectures on philosophy of Ūsūl al-Fiq. One important question in this connection is whether logical reasoning can be given within the domain of E`tebāriāt. Tabātabā’ī and his great student, Mutahhari, argued that logical reasoning can not be given within that domain. Contrary to these philosophers, the writer thinks that such reasoning can be set forth and represents a developed discussion to prove that their views on it are not true. E`tebāriāt is an outstanding question in modern Islamic philosophy and Ūsūl al-Fiq. It did not use to be discussed as a separate subject in the traditional Islamic philosophy until `Allāmah Tabātabā’ī propounded it in Foundations of Philosophy and Method of Realism. In Ūsūl al-Fiq, there were only scattered discussions, under different topics and without enough depth. Now there are many different questions, some of which have been addressed and discussed in detail in my lectures on philosophy of Ūsūl al-Fiq. One important question in this connection is whether logical reasoning can be given within the domain of E`tebāriāt. Tabātabā’ī and his great student, Mutahhari, argued that logical reasoning can not be given within that domain. Contrary to these philosophers, the writer thinks that such reasoning can be set forth and represents a developed discussion to prove that their views on it are not true.

https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_319_b8f5d9e5c4678881e4e6c412980b92b9.pdf

University of Qom Journal of Philosophical Theological Research 1735-9791 6 24 2005 06 22 Theory of Justice in David Hume’s Thought Theory of Justice in David Hume’s Thought 31 53 320 10.22091/pfk.2005.320 FA Ahmad Vā`ezi Journal Article 2015 08 22 Although David Hume is not a political philosopher in the normal meaning of the term, some of his viewpoints, including his special attitude on superiority of justice has left an impression on political thought. Based on his empirical approach, Hume presents a utilitarian attitude towards justice, and despite the common conception, he doesn’t consider justice as a natural virtue and intrinsic value; rather, in his opinion, its virtue depends on special circumstance. Explaining Hume’s viewpoint on justice in detail and indicating its relation to his epistemology and anthropology, the present essay deals with the critical examination of his theory on justice. Although David Hume is not a political philosopher in the normal meaning of the term, some of his viewpoints, including his special attitude on superiority of justice has left an impression on political thought. Based on his empirical approach, Hume presents a utilitarian attitude towards justice, and despite the common conception, he doesn’t consider justice as a natural virtue and intrinsic value; rather, in his opinion, its virtue depends on special circumstance. Explaining Hume’s viewpoint on justice in detail and indicating its relation to his epistemology and anthropology, the present essay deals with the critical examination of his theory on justice.

https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_320_19516710d81160e4e3b542669cd23f10.pdf

University of Qom Journal of Philosophical Theological Research 1735-9791 6 24 2005 06 22 On Primary Essential Predication and Common Technical Predication: A Review of Two Seemingly Contradictory Views On Primary Essential Predication and Common Technical Predication: A Review of Two Seemingly Contradictory Views 54 73 321 10.22091/pfk.2005.321 FA Hamid Reza Āyatullāhi 0000-0002-3454-0174 Sa`īd Anvāri 0000-0002-9402-880X Journal Article 2015 08 22 On the one hand, in some philosophical writings, an apparently single proposition is regarded as true according to both primary essential predication and common technical predication. For example, the proposition “a particular is particular” is considered as true on both the primary predication and the common predication. On the other hand, absolute non-existent is on one occasion regarded as true, but on other occasion as false according to the primary predication. This apparent incoherence has caused a tangle in explaining the above-mentioned predications. Some philosophers consider the difference between subject and predicate as the origin of the contrasts in dispute. Examining the objections of this speculation, the present essay presents a new solution based on distinctions between concept and mental being, and between external extention and mental extention, which completely removes the apparent incoherence. On the one hand, in some philosophical writings, an apparently single proposition is regarded as true according to both primary essential predication and common technical predication. For example, the proposition “a particular is particular” is considered as true on both the primary predication and the common predication. On the other hand, absolute non-existent is on one occasion regarded as true, but on other occasion as false according to the primary predication. This apparent incoherence has caused a tangle in explaining the above-mentioned predications. Some philosophers consider the difference between subject and predicate as the origin of the contrasts in dispute. Examining the objections of this speculation, the present essay presents a new solution based on distinctions between concept and mental being, and between external extention and mental extention, which completely removes the apparent incoherence.

https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_321_4600d700b36117d62c631a5c98cde458.pdf

University of Qom Journal of Philosophical Theological Research 1735-9791 6 24 2005 06 22 Two Readings of the Gospel Two Readings of the Gospel 74 90 322 10.22091/pfk.2005.322 FA Muhammad Kāzem Shāker Journal Article 2015 08 22 According to the Holy Koran, the Gospel is a revealed book containing God’s guidance, message, and commandments sent down to the Prophet Jesus (Peace be upon him) to be proclaimed to the people. On the contrary, Christians basically reject this conception and believe that no revealed book was handed down from heaven to Jesus, as was the case in Judaism and Islam concerning the Torah and the Koran; so there is no place for such a view in Christian theology. In the view of the Christians, the truth of the Gospel has been rooted in it's good news of salvation resulted from the Incarnation, the crucifixion, and the Resurrection. Therefore, it can be said that there are two distinct readings of the Gospel in the view of the Christians and the Muslims. Explaining both the views, the present essay fortifies the Koranic perspective by virtue of historical and Christian sources. According to the Holy Koran, the Gospel is a revealed book containing God’s guidance, message, and commandments sent down to the Prophet Jesus (Peace be upon him) to be proclaimed to the people. On the contrary, Christians basically reject this conception and believe that no revealed book was handed down from heaven to Jesus, as was the case in Judaism and Islam concerning the Torah and the Koran; so there is no place for such a view in Christian theology. In the view of the Christians, the truth of the Gospel has been rooted in it's good news of salvation resulted from the Incarnation, the crucifixion, and the Resurrection. Therefore, it can be said that there are two distinct readings of the Gospel in the view of the Christians and the Muslims. Explaining both the views, the present essay fortifies the Koranic perspective by virtue of historical and Christian sources.

https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_322_9705f4ff013339f19efe49cff4bce9a0.pdf

University of Qom Journal of Philosophical Theological Research 1735-9791 6 24 2005 06 22 Theory of Speech Acts Theory of Speech Acts 91 119 323 10.22091/pfk.2005.323 FA Muhammad Ali Abdullāhi Journal Article 2015 08 22 Theory of Speech Acts is a philosophical theory presented in 1962 by John Langshaw Austin, a professor of moral philosophy at Oxford University; then it was developed further in Speech Acts Written by his student, John R. Searle, who is a contemporary philosopher of mind and language.The Speech-act Theory aims to represent a comprehensive analysis of the language use and the way of communication, and finally it answers to a main and basic question in philosophy of language: How one can attain a series of semantic features such as meaningfulness, meaninglessness, truth, description, predication, and communication through not so much complex phenomena such as speech sounds or written letters and words. The Theory of Speech Acts can be regarded as significant for two reasons: First, it was probably the initial strong attempt on philosophical speculation, which had destructively been attacked by Wittgenstein. Second, it has been somehow successful. Over forty years after presenting the Speech-act Theory, nowadays philosophers still deal with its requirements and results. Theory of Speech Acts is a philosophical theory presented in 1962 by John Langshaw Austin, a professor of moral philosophy at Oxford University; then it was developed further in Speech Acts Written by his student, John R. Searle, who is a contemporary philosopher of mind and language.The Speech-act Theory aims to represent a comprehensive analysis of the language use and the way of communication, and finally it answers to a main and basic question in philosophy of language: How one can attain a series of semantic features such as meaningfulness, meaninglessness, truth, description, predication, and communication through not so much complex phenomena such as speech sounds or written letters and words. The Theory of Speech Acts can be regarded as significant for two reasons: First, it was probably the initial strong attempt on philosophical speculation, which had destructively been attacked by Wittgenstein. Second, it has been somehow successful. Over forty years after presenting the Speech-act Theory, nowadays philosophers still deal with its requirements and results.

https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_323_dfd2cbab11e25d2fd3673faeb35276fb.pdf

University of Qom Journal of Philosophical Theological Research 1735-9791 6 24 2005 06 22 Future Contingency and Determinism of Truth in the Future Propositions Future Contingency and Determinism of Truth in the Future Propositions 120 143 324 10.22091/pfk.2005.324 FA Ali Shirvāni Journal Article 2015 08 22 In his peri ermenias, Aristotle has discussed the determinism of truth in the future propositions, which is among the most disputable subjects. Numerating incorrect consequences of determinism of truth or falsity of a proposition like “Marine battle will occur in the straits tomorrow”, he proves a kind of indeterminism and contingency, which is called Future Contingency, concerning future events while past or present events are lacking in it. Philosophical dispute about future contingency has entered into Islamic philosophy meanwhile it has been raised some epistemological, ontological, logical and theological points worthy of attention. Presenting an analytical report and a critical evaluation of the viewpoints of prominent philosophers such as Aristotle, Fārābī, Khāja Nasīr al-Dīn Tūsī, Mūllā Sadrā, and Mūllā Sabzavārī as well as two contemporary philosophers, the present essay attempts to firstly give an outline of the historical development of the subject, secondly numerate strengths and weaknesses of the various viewpoints, and thirdly defend its own viewpoint. In his peri ermenias, Aristotle has discussed the determinism of truth in the future propositions, which is among the most disputable subjects. Numerating incorrect consequences of determinism of truth or falsity of a proposition like “Marine battle will occur in the straits tomorrow”, he proves a kind of indeterminism and contingency, which is called Future Contingency, concerning future events while past or present events are lacking in it. Philosophical dispute about future contingency has entered into Islamic philosophy meanwhile it has been raised some epistemological, ontological, logical and theological points worthy of attention. Presenting an analytical report and a critical evaluation of the viewpoints of prominent philosophers such as Aristotle, Fārābī, Khāja Nasīr al-Dīn Tūsī, Mūllā Sadrā, and Mūllā Sabzavārī as well as two contemporary philosophers, the present essay attempts to firstly give an outline of the historical development of the subject, secondly numerate strengths and weaknesses of the various viewpoints, and thirdly defend its own viewpoint.

https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_324_14089db27cd55b84d8f8b5874e226d83.pdf

University of Qom Journal of Philosophical Theological Research 1735-9791 6 24 2005 06 22 Moral Saints Moral Saints 144 166 325 10.22091/pfk.2005.325 FA Zahra Khazaei Assistant Professor, university of Qom 0000-0001-8302-9674 Journal Article 2015 08 22 Moral saints are the most worthy people who are regarded as examples and exemplifications in moral and religious cultures, for they are of special noetic-educational characteristics and extra actions beyond the bound of obligation. The two obligatory and value aspects of morality in the theories of normative ethics as well as the distinct approaches in religious and secular ethics have produced different explications of the actions beyond the limits of moral duty and sanctimonious features. Moreover, various pictures of the saints' nature presented in western writers' works have resulted in the reduction of the status of saints to the rank of a politician lacking in holiness. While most theoreticians confirm the holiness of the saints, yet there are some hesitations. Describing the nature of saints in secular and religious ethics on the basis of different approaches, the present essay makes inquiries about the application of "saint" in different cultures and looks to opposite views on the moral status of the saints as well as critical responses to them. Moral saints are the most worthy people who are regarded as examples and exemplifications in moral and religious cultures, for they are of special noetic-educational characteristics and extra actions beyond the bound of obligation. The two obligatory and value aspects of morality in the theories of normative ethics as well as the distinct approaches in religious and secular ethics have produced different explications of the actions beyond the limits of moral duty and sanctimonious features. Moreover, various pictures of the saints' nature presented in western writers' works have resulted in the reduction of the status of saints to the rank of a politician lacking in holiness. While most theoreticians confirm the holiness of the saints, yet there are some hesitations. Describing the nature of saints in secular and religious ethics on the basis of different approaches, the present essay makes inquiries about the application of "saint" in different cultures and looks to opposite views on the moral status of the saints as well as critical responses to them.

https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_325_b4dbca13497bdc3ce620f02d6e66038a.pdf

University of Qom Journal of Philosophical Theological Research 1735-9791 6 24 2005 06 22 The Status of Imāmate in Islamic Theology The Status of Imāmate in Islamic Theology 167 191 326 10.22091/pfk.2005.326 FA Husayn Karimi Journal Article 2015 08 22 The Caliphate question, that’s, the succession of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him and his progeny) is disputed, after the departure of the Messenger of Allah, by his Companions. One group, whose supporters became known as Sunnis, considers it as a matter depended on election; in other words, they maintain that it is a legal affair which has entrusted with Muslims. The other one, whose followers became known as Shi`as, emphasizes that Imāmate is a theological case which has depended on designation and appointment. While preserving unity and avoiding aggravating remarks, the present essay seeks to demonstrate the Shi`i viewpoints through rational and traditional proofs. The Caliphate question, that’s, the succession of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him and his progeny) is disputed, after the departure of the Messenger of Allah, by his Companions. One group, whose supporters became known as Sunnis, considers it as a matter depended on election; in other words, they maintain that it is a legal affair which has entrusted with Muslims. The other one, whose followers became known as Shi`as, emphasizes that Imāmate is a theological case which has depended on designation and appointment. While preserving unity and avoiding aggravating remarks, the present essay seeks to demonstrate the Shi`i viewpoints through rational and traditional proofs.

https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_326_3731a03e6e5d075679c2e91027ee509e.pdf