University of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-97919420080822Philosophical Behaviorism: A Critical InvestigationPhilosophical Behaviorism: A Critical Investigation274624710.22091/pfk.2008.247FA‘Abd-or-rasoolKashfiJournal Article20150816Philosophical behaviorism is a sub-branch of Physicalism; and physicalism is the thesis which holds that mind and mental states are unreal (eliminative physicalism), or they are nothing more than physical things (reductive physicalism). Thus, philosophical behaviorism is a type of reductive physicalism, according which mind and mental states are identified with man’s external behaviors. This theory is based on three foundations: psychological behaviorism, verification theory of meaning, and Wittgenstein’s private language. Presenting philosophical behaviorism and its basic principles, the essay is going to show that these basics are failure and thus the theory has signs of alteration. <br /> Philosophical behaviorism is a sub-branch of Physicalism; and physicalism is the thesis which holds that mind and mental states are unreal (eliminative physicalism), or they are nothing more than physical things (reductive physicalism). Thus, philosophical behaviorism is a type of reductive physicalism, according which mind and mental states are identified with man’s external behaviors. This theory is based on three foundations: psychological behaviorism, verification theory of meaning, and Wittgenstein’s private language. Presenting philosophical behaviorism and its basic principles, the essay is going to show that these basics are failure and thus the theory has signs of alteration. <br /> https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_247_64f842f28aa2f7dc026efa027f0ad5ac.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-97919420080822Averroes’s View on the Necessity of Prophethood: a Critical ExaminationAverroes’s View on the Necessity of Prophethood: a Critical Examination476824810.22091/pfk.2008.248FAMohsenJavadiNaderShokrollahiJournal Article20150816It can be understood of some Averroes’s statements that in his view, Shariah is not necessary for the intellectual felicity of the special people (i.e. the philosophers), although he regards them needful of Shariah for some other reasons. As an example, the special people can achieve happiness only if the common people become happy, and the happiness of the commoners is available through observing Shariah. Introducing some evidence on this claim, the present essay attempts to show it organically in the framework of Averroes’s opinions on the how of attaining the truth of prophethood and miracle. <br /> It can be understood of some Averroes’s statements that in his view, Shariah is not necessary for the intellectual felicity of the special people (i.e. the philosophers), although he regards them needful of Shariah for some other reasons. As an example, the special people can achieve happiness only if the common people become happy, and the happiness of the commoners is available through observing Shariah. Introducing some evidence on this claim, the present essay attempts to show it organically in the framework of Averroes’s opinions on the how of attaining the truth of prophethood and miracle. <br /> https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_248_4942a56600d6e8b39241f2a2b3b423f8.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-97919420080822Mutual Services of Piousnes and PhilosophizationMutual Services of Piousnes and Philosophization698624910.22091/pfk.2008.249FAForoozānRāsekhiJournal Article20150816This article deals first with the relation of philosophization and religiosity. There can be mentioned three views on this relationship: non-overlapping, incompatible overlapping, compatible overlapping. On the basis of the third view, the author enumerates the mutual services of religiosity and philosophization. On one hand, religiosity can provide three services: religiosity has a complementary function to philosophization, paves the way for it, and reveals the shortcomings of philosophization. On the other hand, philosophization’s services are thus: it helps to the rationalization of religion, paves the way for religiosity, and develops religious free-thinking. <br /> This article deals first with the relation of philosophization and religiosity. There can be mentioned three views on this relationship: non-overlapping, incompatible overlapping, compatible overlapping. On the basis of the third view, the author enumerates the mutual services of religiosity and philosophization. On one hand, religiosity can provide three services: religiosity has a complementary function to philosophization, paves the way for it, and reveals the shortcomings of philosophization. On the other hand, philosophization’s services are thus: it helps to the rationalization of religion, paves the way for religiosity, and develops religious free-thinking. <br /> https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_249_e3b5c179e66a3efe0ee595acc900ab7e.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-97919420080822Catholicism and Modern TheologyCatholicism and Modern Theology8710225010.22091/pfk.2008.250FAHasanGhanbariJournal Article20150816Taking a glance at its related terms, the paper first of all suggests the factors influencing the emergence of Modernity, including Descartes’s thought as the main factor. Next, it pays attention to challenges of Modernity to Christianity, especially to Catholicism; it also shows the historical process of Catholicism’s reactions against Modernity, which yields why Modern theology has not developed in the ground of Catholicism. Finally, it presents the views of a Catholic theologian, Hans Kung.
Taking a glance at its related terms, the paper first of all suggests the factors influencing the emergence of Modernity, including Descartes’s thought as the main factor. Next, it pays attention to challenges of Modernity to Christianity, especially to Catholicism; it also shows the historical process of Catholicism’s reactions against Modernity, which yields why Modern theology has not developed in the ground of Catholicism. Finally, it presents the views of a Catholic theologian, Hans Kung.
https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_250_a564f078a066b0b749d50dcc36718d58.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-97919420080822Ecthesis: An Account and EvaluationEcthesis: An Account and Evaluation10311925110.22091/pfk.2008.251FAMehdi‘Azimi12321445356457568689Journal Article20150816Among the most useful methods in traditional logic is Ecthesis (i.e. proof from supposition), on whose whatness and structure Muslim logicians disagree. On one hand, Suhrawardi and Fakhr ar-Razi consider it as a type of syllogism in the third figure, whereas on the other hand, Nasir-ad-din Tusi does not count it among syllogisms at all. The author in this essay firstly presents an account of three logicians’ viewpoints and then evaluates Nasir-ad-din Tusi’s opinions. <br /> Among the most useful methods in traditional logic is Ecthesis (i.e. proof from supposition), on whose whatness and structure Muslim logicians disagree. On one hand, Suhrawardi and Fakhr ar-Razi consider it as a type of syllogism in the third figure, whereas on the other hand, Nasir-ad-din Tusi does not count it among syllogisms at all. The author in this essay firstly presents an account of three logicians’ viewpoints and then evaluates Nasir-ad-din Tusi’s opinions. <br /> https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_251_d4d7793d236152ef18565791efa0dfb0.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-97919420080822Epistemic Fundamentals of Fuzzy Logic: A Critical StudyEpistemic Fundamentals of Fuzzy Logic: A Critical Study12114625210.22091/pfk.2008.252FAMehdiHoseinzādeh YazdiJournal Article20150816In a vague way, Fuzzy Logic seeks to draw external realities thoroughly as one might say. Epistemic aspects of such an attitude, which enjoys technical origins, were considered further when surprising successes were accomplished in the field of industrial produces. Almost all theorists of fuzzy logic hold that the epistemic fundamentals of fuzzy logic should be looked for in Greek sophists’ thinking and in fact, fuzzy continues the same process of thinking. They build such a thought on the principles which can not be accepted after an epistemological scrutiny, whereas those theorists consider products of fuzzy to be owing to such principles. This writing first explains these basic principles, then criticizes them from an epistemological view, and finally discusses its theorists’ claim that fuzzy logic is based on such principles. <br /> In a vague way, Fuzzy Logic seeks to draw external realities thoroughly as one might say. Epistemic aspects of such an attitude, which enjoys technical origins, were considered further when surprising successes were accomplished in the field of industrial produces. Almost all theorists of fuzzy logic hold that the epistemic fundamentals of fuzzy logic should be looked for in Greek sophists’ thinking and in fact, fuzzy continues the same process of thinking. They build such a thought on the principles which can not be accepted after an epistemological scrutiny, whereas those theorists consider products of fuzzy to be owing to such principles. This writing first explains these basic principles, then criticizes them from an epistemological view, and finally discusses its theorists’ claim that fuzzy logic is based on such principles. <br /> https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_252_0176d295fc4ecc87034791820ddb6571.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-97919420080822Locke’s Social Theory: Contract or Consent?Locke’s Social Theory: Contract or Consent?14717825310.22091/pfk.2008.253FAMaryamLārijāniJournal Article20150816Political obligation” is a pivotal subject in the political philosophy. The core of the discussion is that, on one hand, the governor has the right to rule, and on the other hand, the citizens must obey a political system. In this concern, there have been propounded several theories. The present essay attempts to examine critically English philosopher John Locke’s notion of political obligation. In brief, Lock’s social theory, known as consent theory, holds that the legitimacy of the governments and the obligation of citizens to obey the governor are based on the consent of the governed. <br /> Political obligation” is a pivotal subject in the political philosophy. The core of the discussion is that, on one hand, the governor has the right to rule, and on the other hand, the citizens must obey a political system. In this concern, there have been propounded several theories. The present essay attempts to examine critically English philosopher John Locke’s notion of political obligation. In brief, Lock’s social theory, known as consent theory, holds that the legitimacy of the governments and the obligation of citizens to obey the governor are based on the consent of the governed. <br /> https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_253_e930db7039a7aca9369d74ad1d69ca6e.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-97919420080822Evaluation of Two Approaches to the Koranic Account of JesusEvaluation of Two Approaches to the Koranic Account of Jesus17919425410.22091/pfk.2008.254FALeylāHooshangiJournal Article20150816Among major research approaches are theological and historical approaches, which have been applied in two important recent works written by influential scholars, Richard Bell and Jeffrey Pinder. These two works concentrate on the Koranic account of Jesus, which is the basis for Muslim’s awareness, and which has been a controversial issue between Muslim and Christians from the first century A. H. Based on the above-mentioned works, the present paper is going to compare their presuppositions, methodological basics and conclusions, which, as a result, elucidates the function of the holy texts. <br /> Among major research approaches are theological and historical approaches, which have been applied in two important recent works written by influential scholars, Richard Bell and Jeffrey Pinder. These two works concentrate on the Koranic account of Jesus, which is the basis for Muslim’s awareness, and which has been a controversial issue between Muslim and Christians from the first century A. H. Based on the above-mentioned works, the present paper is going to compare their presuppositions, methodological basics and conclusions, which, as a result, elucidates the function of the holy texts. <br /> https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_254_d3fdf78d84da168f3dd98d23291499a9.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-97919420080822Galileo, Science, and the ChurchGalileo, Science, and the Church19523025510.22091/pfk.2008.255FAAliHaqiSomayyehKhazāyiJournal Article20150816Galileo is a great 17th-century scientist who left considerable influences on the scientific and religious community of his time, and whose discoveries are in close connection with Christian theology. The present paper deals firstly with Galileo’s thinking process; next, it points out the function of the Church; still next, it discusses the question of conflict between science and religion; and finally it suggests some criticisms of Galileo. <br /><br /> Galileo is a great 17th-century scientist who left considerable influences on the scientific and religious community of his time, and whose discoveries are in close connection with Christian theology. The present paper deals firstly with Galileo’s thinking process; next, it points out the function of the Church; still next, it discusses the question of conflict between science and religion; and finally it suggests some criticisms of Galileo. <br /><br /> https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_255_a79e12b49abfd14fc879d482177fce17.pdf