University of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-979116220150220Philosophical Explanation of Moral Responsibility in Allamah Tabatabaii's ViewPhilosophical Explanation of Moral Responsibility in Allamah Tabatabaii's View7302910.22091/pfk.2014.29FASoleimanHabibiJournal Article20150201
Suleiman Habibi[1]
Reza Akbari[2]
Abstract
Although Allamah Tabatabaii does not have a separate discussion on moral responsibility, the related issues can be extracted from his works, showing that he regards moral responsibility as accountability to arguments related to moral affairs. Given such ontological and anthropological principles as causality, intensifying journey and fundamentality of existence as well as different aspects of man's life, he has moral responsibility towards God, other men and the world. The agent as having knowledge, power and will, and the act as the associate of agent are relevant in moral responsibility, which indicates that Allamah considers several components and conditions for moral responsibility. The issue of determination is the challenge facing moral responsibility, which can be discussed theologically and philosophically.
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[1] . Instructor of Farhangian (Teachers') University Habibi.soleyman@gmail.com
[2] . professor of Imam Sadiq University rezaa.akbari@gmail.com
Suleiman Habibi[1]
Reza Akbari[2]
Abstract
Although Allamah Tabatabaii does not have a separate discussion on moral responsibility, the related issues can be extracted from his works, showing that he regards moral responsibility as accountability to arguments related to moral affairs. Given such ontological and anthropological principles as causality, intensifying journey and fundamentality of existence as well as different aspects of man's life, he has moral responsibility towards God, other men and the world. The agent as having knowledge, power and will, and the act as the associate of agent are relevant in moral responsibility, which indicates that Allamah considers several components and conditions for moral responsibility. The issue of determination is the challenge facing moral responsibility, which can be discussed theologically and philosophically.
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[1] . Instructor of Farhangian (Teachers') University Habibi.soleyman@gmail.com
[2] . professor of Imam Sadiq University rezaa.akbari@gmail.comhttps://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_29_d96b8f06b8aa43eee2a3fc35b7045ca7.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-979116220150220A Review of the Finitude or Infinitude of Natural World form the View of Philosophy and New CosmologyA Review of the Finitude or Infinitude of Natural World form the View of Philosophy and New Cosmology31583010.22091/pfk.2014.30FAHabibollahDanesh ShahrakiHabibollahRazmiImanBaqhbaniJournal Article20150615Finitude or infinitude of natural world has long attracted everyone (including scientists, philosophers and even general public) and, as we shall see in the present paper, it seems necessary to discuss the issue with regard to deeper mathematical and geometric outlooks that we know today and on the basis of broader physical (astrological and cosmological) knowledge which in newly available, although it has been discussed in detail, particularly in philosophy. Having provided an introduction to necessary terms and topics and a brief review of new cosmology, this paper puts forward most philosophers' famous proofs, who believe in finitude of natural world, and analyzes and criticizes them. The concern that natural world is anyway a possible being and cannot be infinitude can be alleviated by mathematical reasoning, that is, there is no problem if this infinitude is in one or more dimensions because we can always limit this world within a world with more dimensions. Some explanations are proposed on the standard model of cosmology and such issues as expansion of universe and "point" of big bang which apparently indicate finitude of the universe. The explanations means that the issue is not such a simple one and we now have no strong reason and evidence for finitude of the cosmos and should wait for new observational discoveries and information. No doubt, there can be an unbounded but limited set on the basis of a known condition in mathematics. This condition can be considered for natural world which can be unbounded but limited.
Key words: natural world, limited, unlimited, cosmology, expansion of universe.
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[1] . Assistant professor of department of philosophy, Qom University
[2] . Associate professor of department of physics, Qom University
[3] . MA of philosophy, Qom University Finitude or infinitude of natural world has long attracted everyone (including scientists, philosophers and even general public) and, as we shall see in the present paper, it seems necessary to discuss the issue with regard to deeper mathematical and geometric outlooks that we know today and on the basis of broader physical (astrological and cosmological) knowledge which in newly available, although it has been discussed in detail, particularly in philosophy. Having provided an introduction to necessary terms and topics and a brief review of new cosmology, this paper puts forward most philosophers' famous proofs, who believe in finitude of natural world, and analyzes and criticizes them. The concern that natural world is anyway a possible being and cannot be infinitude can be alleviated by mathematical reasoning, that is, there is no problem if this infinitude is in one or more dimensions because we can always limit this world within a world with more dimensions. Some explanations are proposed on the standard model of cosmology and such issues as expansion of universe and "point" of big bang which apparently indicate finitude of the universe. The explanations means that the issue is not such a simple one and we now have no strong reason and evidence for finitude of the cosmos and should wait for new observational discoveries and information. No doubt, there can be an unbounded but limited set on the basis of a known condition in mathematics. This condition can be considered for natural world which can be unbounded but limited.
Key words: natural world, limited, unlimited, cosmology, expansion of universe.
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[1] . Assistant professor of department of philosophy, Qom University
[2] . Associate professor of department of physics, Qom University
[3] . MA of philosophy, Qom University https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_30_779e43101ee7aff5469a73e693dca712.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-979116220150220A Review of Arguments for Theology in Imam Ali's WordsA Review of Arguments for Theology in Imam Ali's Words59903110.22091/pfk.2014.31FAAqhdasYazdiMaryamHusseiniJournal Article20150615The affirmation of an origin for existence is one of the most authentic philosophical concerns of human thought and is regarded one of the most important philosophical issues. In Imam Ali's view, the basis of religion is knowledge of God because man's other doctrinal foundations are based on his monotheistic knowledge. If man obtains a correct knowledge in this regard, he can step correctly and firmly in other perfecting stages towards final felicity. Imam Ali, who has had the highest knowledge of God, has left us with invaluable sayings in this regard. The present paper seeks to study the proofs for proving God's existence in Imam Ali's view. In his sayings, Imam Ali guides us to study and contemplate on creatures and their existential structure in order to be able to realize the existence of an All-Knowing and All-Wise creator who is free from motion and createdness, through observing the creatures' order, harmony, change and createdness. Furthermore, Imam Ali introduces the existence of the Necessary Being, Simple, Absolute and All-Rich God on Who all creatures depend and are in need of Him, by offering other proofs such as causal proof and the proof of the righteous, etc. The affirmation of an origin for existence is one of the most authentic philosophical concerns of human thought and is regarded one of the most important philosophical issues. In Imam Ali's view, the basis of religion is knowledge of God because man's other doctrinal foundations are based on his monotheistic knowledge. If man obtains a correct knowledge in this regard, he can step correctly and firmly in other perfecting stages towards final felicity. Imam Ali, who has had the highest knowledge of God, has left us with invaluable sayings in this regard. The present paper seeks to study the proofs for proving God's existence in Imam Ali's view. In his sayings, Imam Ali guides us to study and contemplate on creatures and their existential structure in order to be able to realize the existence of an All-Knowing and All-Wise creator who is free from motion and createdness, through observing the creatures' order, harmony, change and createdness. Furthermore, Imam Ali introduces the existence of the Necessary Being, Simple, Absolute and All-Rich God on Who all creatures depend and are in need of Him, by offering other proofs such as causal proof and the proof of the righteous, etc. https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_31_10efbd229c79155ce1967c22ee50ed63.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-979116220150220Criticism of Relativity of Religious Knowledge from the Quranic ViewCriticism of Relativity of Religious Knowledge from the Quranic View911203210.22091/pfk.2014.32FAMohammad Hassan MovahhediSavejiJournal Article20150615Abstract
Relativity of religious knowledge can be regarded as one of the most important foundations of religious pluralism. This theory is influenced by hermeneutic method of West which tries to use it to understand and interpret religious texts and show that correct understanding of religious texts is unattainable. Those who believe in the relativity of religious knowledge have referred to such reasons as differentiation between reality and our perception of reality, multi-layeredness and silence of religious texts and universality of religious understanding to prove their claim. The present paper criticizes this theory intra-religiously and challenges its reasons, with the help of Quranic verses and infallible Imams' sayings. It holds that reality is obtainable from a religious point of view and multi-layeredness of religious texts never means plurality of contradictory and heterogeneous understanding and that religious texts are not silent and devoid from meanings; rather, they are light, explanatory and guide man.Abstract
Relativity of religious knowledge can be regarded as one of the most important foundations of religious pluralism. This theory is influenced by hermeneutic method of West which tries to use it to understand and interpret religious texts and show that correct understanding of religious texts is unattainable. Those who believe in the relativity of religious knowledge have referred to such reasons as differentiation between reality and our perception of reality, multi-layeredness and silence of religious texts and universality of religious understanding to prove their claim. The present paper criticizes this theory intra-religiously and challenges its reasons, with the help of Quranic verses and infallible Imams' sayings. It holds that reality is obtainable from a religious point of view and multi-layeredness of religious texts never means plurality of contradictory and heterogeneous understanding and that religious texts are not silent and devoid from meanings; rather, they are light, explanatory and guide man.https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_32_ee6cb69da6fa5d64ad0a3f1b18c5dccd.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-979116220150220Criticism and Review of Moral SkepticismCriticism and Review of Moral Skepticism1211383310.22091/pfk.2014.33FAJournal Article20150411Moral skepticism is one of the most important and influential issues in the philosophy of ethics, which has always been taken into consideration by philosophers of ethics. Providing a precise definition of moral skepticism, the present paper seeks to offer its proponents and opponents' arguments. Since moral skepticism is related to epistemology of ethics, moral skeptics challenge two important components of moral knowledge- justification and application- to reject it. In this paper, their reasons for rejecting these two components are stated. Then the answers provided by proponents of moral knowledge to these challenges are discussed.Moral skepticism is one of the most important and influential issues in the philosophy of ethics, which has always been taken into consideration by philosophers of ethics. Providing a precise definition of moral skepticism, the present paper seeks to offer its proponents and opponents' arguments. Since moral skepticism is related to epistemology of ethics, moral skeptics challenge two important components of moral knowledge- justification and application- to reject it. In this paper, their reasons for rejecting these two components are stated. Then the answers provided by proponents of moral knowledge to these challenges are discussed.https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_33_ffeebda5323af003873b8723fd2981b6.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-979116220150220Review of Theories on Intercession and Its Reflection in Persian PoetryReview of Theories on Intercession and Its Reflection in Persian Poetry1391583410.22091/pfk.2014.34FAAminRahimiJournal Article20150615Shafa'at (Intercession), the root of which is Shafa'a meaning assistance and requesting, is a significant issue in Islamic thought and has long been discussed extensively by scholars. Although Quranic verses on intercession clearly show that it is a conditioned issue, all Islamic denominations have accepted its core concept while differing in terms of its manner. Providing the definitions of intercession, Muslim thinkers' view about it and related Quranic verses and traditions, the present paper discusses the related criticisms of intercession through description and analysis and answers them. In addition, it explains its educational effects and exposes its reflection in the poems of some prominent Persian poets.Shafa'at (Intercession), the root of which is Shafa'a meaning assistance and requesting, is a significant issue in Islamic thought and has long been discussed extensively by scholars. Although Quranic verses on intercession clearly show that it is a conditioned issue, all Islamic denominations have accepted its core concept while differing in terms of its manner. Providing the definitions of intercession, Muslim thinkers' view about it and related Quranic verses and traditions, the present paper discusses the related criticisms of intercession through description and analysis and answers them. In addition, it explains its educational effects and exposes its reflection in the poems of some prominent Persian poets.https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_34_968b790eaa60c5be095b588b281e04b0.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-979116220150220Critical Rereading of Modarres Zenooni's view about Bodily ResurrectionCritical Rereading of Modarres Zenooni's view about Bodily Resurrection1591743510.22091/pfk.2014.35FAFardinJamshidimehr0000-0001-7337-9224AbbasJavareshkian0000-0001-6041-2179Journal Article20141215The issue of resurrection is regarded one of the most important issues in Islamic philosophy and theology. Belief in men's resurrection after death and their attaining to their deserving perfection appropriate to their acquired deeds and sciences is regarded as one of the principles of Islam. Contrary to Mulla Sadra's disposition, the philosopher Aqha Ali Modarres Zenoozi who is regarded a scholar in Sadrian philosophy, believes in the resurrection of material body with regard to the issue of bodily resurrection. The present paper directs some criticisms against Modarres Zenooni's view about bodily resurrection, based on Sadrian philosophy. Then it takes into consideration the most important argument of those who believe in the resurrection of material resurrection which is based on religious outwards. The issue of resurrection is regarded one of the most important issues in Islamic philosophy and theology. Belief in men's resurrection after death and their attaining to their deserving perfection appropriate to their acquired deeds and sciences is regarded as one of the principles of Islam. Contrary to Mulla Sadra's disposition, the philosopher Aqha Ali Modarres Zenoozi who is regarded a scholar in Sadrian philosophy, believes in the resurrection of material body with regard to the issue of bodily resurrection. The present paper directs some criticisms against Modarres Zenooni's view about bodily resurrection, based on Sadrian philosophy. Then it takes into consideration the most important argument of those who believe in the resurrection of material resurrection which is based on religious outwards. https://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_35_bcefd84ad95fe2c8d085604f91f41801.pdfUniversity of QomJournal of Philosophical Theological Research1735-979116220150220Review and Criticism of the Theory of the Conceptual and Extensional Identity (Union) of Divine Essence and AttributesReview and Criticism of the Theory of the Conceptual and Extensional Identity (Union) of Divine Essence and Attributes1751944310.22091/pfk.2014.43FAMa'rouf AliAhmadvandJournal Article20150616The relationship between the God's Essence and His Attributes comprises the first and the most fundamental theological debates in the world of Islam, which is a point of conflict amongst the Muslim thinkers. Some have taken an excessive standpoint and believe in humanlike attributes for the High Necessary Being, which returns to the idea of corporality of God. On the other hand, others have gone to other extreme and have taken an absolutely reductionist view as to deny all existential and affirmative attributes for God. In this regard, the balanced and reasonable viewpoint shared amongst Imamiyyah philosophers and speculative theologians is the extensional union and conceptual difference of Divine Attributes. However, some of Avicenna’s utterances show conceptual and extensional union. The present paper seeks to criticize and analyze the theory of conceptual and extensional union of attributes of High Necessary Being, that is, God’s Attributes are identical with His Essence not only in terms of instance and external reality but also is terms of concepts. However, this seems difficult to prove, because no acceptable argument has been provided in this regard and the discourses and their wrong implications are ambiguous. Therefore, this paper attempts to revise this viewpoint and explain the reasons why it has not been accepted by Muslim philosophersThe relationship between the God's Essence and His Attributes comprises the first and the most fundamental theological debates in the world of Islam, which is a point of conflict amongst the Muslim thinkers. Some have taken an excessive standpoint and believe in humanlike attributes for the High Necessary Being, which returns to the idea of corporality of God. On the other hand, others have gone to other extreme and have taken an absolutely reductionist view as to deny all existential and affirmative attributes for God. In this regard, the balanced and reasonable viewpoint shared amongst Imamiyyah philosophers and speculative theologians is the extensional union and conceptual difference of Divine Attributes. However, some of Avicenna’s utterances show conceptual and extensional union. The present paper seeks to criticize and analyze the theory of conceptual and extensional union of attributes of High Necessary Being, that is, God’s Attributes are identical with His Essence not only in terms of instance and external reality but also is terms of concepts. However, this seems difficult to prove, because no acceptable argument has been provided in this regard and the discourses and their wrong implications are ambiguous. Therefore, this paper attempts to revise this viewpoint and explain the reasons why it has not been accepted by Muslim philosophershttps://pfk.qom.ac.ir/article_43_750ebdd60006ae7b0504866f40aa93a2.pdf