بررسی و تبیین نظریهٔ عدالتِ عام در دیدگاه توماس آکوئیناس

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فلسفه اخلاق دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران.

2 استاد گروه فلسفه و کلام اسلامی دانشگاه قم ، قم، ایران.

چکیده

عدالتِ عام فضیلتی است که افراد را به نظم و خیرات جمعی دعوت می‌کند تا به‌وسیله آن به سعادت برسند. مقالۀ حاضر به بررسی و تبیین نظریۀ عدالتِ عام و خیر مشترک و نقش آن در جهت‌دهی و تنظیم قانون از دیدگاه توماس آکوئیناس می‌پردازد. آکوئیناس - با تأسی از ارسطو و الهیات مسیحی‌‌ - عدالتِ عام را فضیلتی عام می‌‌داند که دارای موضوع خاص، یعنی «خیر مشترک» است. عدالتِ عام همان فضیلت است که از جهت محتوا و جوهر با فضیلتْ یکسان و از جهت مفهوم یا صورت با آن متفاوت است. نظریهٔ عدالتِ عام در آکوئیناس‌‌‌‌ هم به‌‌نوعی دِین قانونی(الزام به رعایت قانون جامعه) را فرمان می‌‌دهد و هم به ‌نوعی دِین اخلاقی(الزام به رعایت فضیلت اخلاقی) را در دستور کار خود دارد. این نظریه مدِّ نظر آکوئیناس‌‌‌‌ در جامعه‌‌ای معنا پیدا می‌‌کند که در آن اگر حاکم قانون وضعی را بر اساس قانون الهی و قانون طبیعی درستْ تدوین و ترویج کند، معیار این نظریه را برآورده می‌‌کند. بنا‌براین‌‌، نظریهٔ عدالتِ عام - در نهایت - به ‌قصد حاکم و نوع حکومتی وابسته است که در آن جامعه در جریان است تا افراد را به خیرات مشترکشان هدایت کنند و به سعادت حقیقی‌‌شان برساند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Study and Explanation of the Theory of General Justice in the View of St. Thomas Aquinas

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abdollah Abedifar 1
  • Mohsen Javadi 2
1 Phd Candidate of Ethics, Department of Ethics, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Philosophy and Theology, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
چکیده [English]

General Justice is a virtue that leads people to the community order and goods through which they can achieve well-being. This article explains the theory of general justice from the perspective of Aquinas and examines the common good and its role as the subject of general justice in directing and regulating the law. Aquinas counts general justice with the influence of Aristotle and Christian theology as a general virtue that has a particular subject, i.e., the common good. General Justice is the same as virtue which is the same in substance but different in concept. The theory of general justice according to Aquinas is both a kind of legal debt that obliges a person to obey the law and a kind of moral debt that obliges a person to observe the virtue of moral virtue. Aquinas’ theory of general justice finds meaning in societies that meet the criterion of general justice if the ruler formulates a positive law according to divine law and natural law. Thus this theory ultimately depends on the intentions of the ruler and the type of government that lead individuals to a common good in society and well-being.
The purpose of this article is to explain the theory of general justice from the perspective of Aquinas and to examine the common good and its role as the subject of general justice in the regulation of law. To achieve goods, we can consider three types of command in the community, which correspond to three types of justice. One commands the components among themselves; another commands the whole to the components and command the components to the whole. Commutative justice is a virtue that regulates the goods of the components among themselves. Distributive justice is a virtue that regulates the goods of the whole into its components. Finally, general justice regulates the goods of the components into the goods of the whole. General Justice is more important than these two virtues of justice because the subject of general justice is the common good. The common good is a kind of order that is necessary for human society so that human beings can achieve their moral, political, and legal goals. The virtues that are private to the individual when they occur in society are directed to the common good through general justice; therefore, general justice is a general virtue. In Aquinas’s works can find different interpretations of general justice being a general virtue.
In this article, it is shown that Aquinas’ theory of general justice finds meaning in societies that meet the criterion of general justice if the ruler formulates a positive law according to divine law and natural law. When the rulers and the government are properly instructed to act according to the principles of this society, both the government and the rulers achieve their goal of common good and well-being. When we consider God’s commandments to be the criterion of the common good, then the ruler must be able to interpret the divine law correctly.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aquinas
  • Aristotle
  • General Justice
  • Common Good
  • Legal Debt
  • Moral Debt
  • Well-being

مراجع

Aquinas, S. T., (1993). Commentary on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (C. I. Litzinger, Trans.). Indiana: Dumb Ox Books.
Aquinas, T. (1922). The Summa Theologica. Roman Catholic Church: Public Domain.
Aquinas, T. (1993). Commentary on Aristotle’s Politics (R. J. R. S. J, Trans.; UK ed. edition). Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
Broden, T. (1954). Aquinas’ Legal Justice - Jeremiah Newman, Foundations of Justice. (Cork: Cork University Press, 1954. Pp. xviii, 130. 12s. 6d.). The Review of Politics, 16(4), 508–511. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500011256
Budziszewski, J. (2017). Commentary on Thomas Aquinas’s Virtue Ethics. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316694138
Christoph, M. (2011). Justice as an infused virtue in the. Undefined. /paper/Justice-as-an-infused-virtue-in-the-%22Secunda-and-of-Christoph/a06b3eb333ff32736fd04899fcf4cf5df9723eac
Crofts, R. A. (1973). The Common Good in the Political Theory of Thomas Aquinas. The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review, 37(1), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1353/tho.1973.0072
Drefcinski, S. (2015). A Very Short Primer on St. Thomas Aquinas’ Account of the Various Virtues. Hyperlink http://www.sophia-project.org/uploads/1/3/9/5/13955288/drefcinski_virtues.
               http://www.sophia-project.org/uploads/1/3/9/5/13955288/drefcinski_virtues.
Farrell, D. (2017). Wanting the Common Good: Aquinas on General Justice. Review of Metaphysics, 71(3).
Hoffmann Hyperlink .https://philpapers.org/rec/TEWTHL. Tobias / Müller Jörn / Perkams Matthias. (2013). Aquinas and the Nicomachean ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kerr, F. (2009). Thomas Aquinas: A Very Short Introduction (1st edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MacIntyre, A. (2016). Ethics in the Conflicts of Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار