Creation, bugs, and emergence

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Huntington University, Huntington, USA.

چکیده

An argument is presented, based on a common-sense interpretation of an everyday experience, for emergent dualism as the best available account of the origin of the human mind/soul. Emergent dualism is superior to subjective idealism in that it honors the common-sense conviction that the things we encounter have a real, physical existence, separate from our mental perceptions of them. It is superior to materialism in that it allows for our mental states to have real, physical effects, distinct from the effects of the physical states that accompany the mental states. It is also superior to materialism in allowing for a real, unified self that is not merely a collection of physical particles. These features allow emergent dualism to provide a foundation for libertarian free will; belief in such free will is another deliverance of common sense that cannot readily be reconciled with materialism. Emergent dualism is superior to standard varieties of dualism in giving a plausible account of the minds of non-human animals. Perhaps surprisingly, emer­gent dualism is superior both to traditional dualism and to standard varieties of materialism in combining readily with theories of biological evolution, in which natural selection promotes both the physical and mental development of complex organisms.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Creation, bugs, and emergence

نویسنده [English]

  • William Hasker
Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Huntington University, Huntington, USA.
چکیده [English]

An argument is presented, based on a common-sense interpretation of an everyday experience, for emergent dualism as the best available account of the origin of the human mind/soul. Emergent dualism is superior to subjective idealism in that it honors the common-sense conviction that the things we encounter have a real, physical existence, separate from our mental perceptions of them. It is superior to materialism in that it allows for our mental states to have real, physical effects, distinct from the effects of the physical states that accompany the mental states. It is also superior to materialism in allowing for a real, unified self that is not merely a collection of physical particles. These features allow emergent dualism to provide a foundation for libertarian free will; belief in such free will is another deliverance of common sense that cannot readily be reconciled with materialism. Emergent dualism is superior to standard varieties of dualism in giving a plausible account of the minds of non-human animals. Perhaps surprisingly, emer­gent dualism is superior both to traditional dualism and to standard varieties of materialism in combining readily with theories of biological evolution, in which natural selection promotes both the physical and mental development of complex organisms.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • emergent dualism
  • Cartesian dualism
  • animal consciousness
  • materialism
  • causal closure
  • argument from reason
  • unity-of-consciousness argument
  • free will
  • common sense. 

مراجع

Descartes, R. (1971). Letter to the Marquis of Newcastle. In David M. Rosenthal (Ed.), Materialism and the Mind-Body Problem. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall.
Hasker, W. (1999). The Emergent Self. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hasker, W. (2013). What Is Naturalism? And Should We Be Naturalists? Philosophia Christi, 15(1), 21-34. doi: 10.5840/pc20131514
Hasker, W. (2016). Do My Quarks Enjoy Beethoven? In Thomas M. Crisp, Steve L. Porter, & Gregg A. Ten Elshof (Eds.), Neuroscience and the Soul:
The Human Person in Philosophy, Science, and Theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Hasker, W. (2018). The Case for Emergent Dualism. In J. Loose, A. Menuge, & J. P. Moreland (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism (pp.62-72). Oxford: John Wiley and Sons.
McGinn, C. (2004). Consciousness and its Objects. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moore, G. E. (1989). A Defense of Common Sense. In Philosophical Papers. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Moreland, J. P. & Habermas, G. (1998). Beyond Death: Exploring the Evidence for Immortality. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books.
Moreland, J. P. (2009). The Argument from Consciousness. In W. L. Craig &
J. P. Moreland (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology (pp.282-343). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 282-343.
Nagel, T. (1986). The View from Nowhere. New York: Oxford University Press.
Penfield, W. (1975). The Mystery of Mind. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pereboom, D. (2001). Living Without Free Will. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reppert, V. (2009). The Argument from Reason. In W. L. Craig & J. P. Moreland (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology (pp.344-90). Wiley-Blackwell.
Searle, J. (1984). Minds, Brains, and Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Swinburne, R. (2019). Are We Bodies or Souls? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Timpe, K. (2013). Free Will: Sourcehood and its Alternatives, 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury.
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پژوهش‌های فلسفی -کلامی
دوره 23، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 89
(ویژه نامه اراده آزاد)
مهر 1400
صفحه 93-112

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